Cement Pyroprocessing, ASTM C150 Clinker Mineralogy & Sulfate-Resistance Chemistry
Portland Cement Bogue Clinker Phases & LSF Formula
Calculate ASTM C150 Bogue Potential Alite C_3S (%), Belite C_2S (%), Tricalcium Aluminate C_3A (%), and Raw-Mix Lime Saturation Factor LSF (%) from XRF Oxide Percentages.
How a 1% CaO or Al2O3 shift swings early-strength Alite (C3S) by 4–7 points—and caps C3A <= 5% for marine sulfate resistance!
Rotary cement kiln control rooms analyze hot clinker every hour by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in oxide weight percentages (%CaO, %SiO2, %Al2O3, %Fe2O3, %SO3), then convert oxides into actual hydraulic mineral phases via Robert Bogue’s ASTM C150 / EN 197 stoichiometric matrix (for Alumina-to-Iron Modulus Al2O3 / Fe2O3 >= 0.64): Early-Strength Alite C_3S = 4.071*CaO - 7.600*SiO2 - 6.718*Al2O3 - 1.430*Fe2O3 - 2.852*SO3; Late-Strength Belite C_2S = 2.867*SiO2 - 0.7544*C_3S; Flash-Set / Sulfate-Vulnerable Tricalcium Aluminate C_3A = 2.650*Al2O3 - 1.692*Fe2O3 (strictly capped <= 5% in ASTM Type V High-Sulfate-Resistant marine cements!); and Lea & Parker’s Lime Saturation Factor LSF = (CaO / (2.8*SiO2 + 1.2*Al2O3 + 0.65*Fe2O3)) * 100 (held in [92%, 98%] so free CaO does not cause unsound expansion)!
Verify on an ASTM Type I/II Ordinary Portland Clinker XRF Assay—CaO = 65.20% (B2), SiO2 = 21.40% (B3), Al2O3 = 5.20% (B4), Fe2O3 = 3.20% (B5), and Clinker_SO3 = 0.60% (B6): Alite C_3S hits 61.57% (E2), Belite C_2S equals 14.91% (E3), Aluminate C_3A lands at 8.37% (E4), and Lime Saturation Factor LSF equals 95.55% (E5)!
| ASTM C150 Bogue Clinker KPI (CaO=65.2, SiO2=21.4, Al2O3=5.2, Fe2O3=3.2, SO3=0.6) | Formula | Verified Output |
|---|---|---|
| Alite Tricalcium Silicate C3S (%) | 4.071*CaO - 7.6*SiO2 - 6.718*Al2O3 - 1.43*Fe2O3 - 2.852*SO3 | 61.57% (61.85% Type V marine) |
| Belite Dicalcium Silicate C2S (%) | 2.867 * SiO2 - 0.7544 * C3S | 14.91% (16.42% Type V marine) |
| Tricalcium Aluminate C3A (%) | 2.650 * Al2O3 - 1.692 * Fe2O3 | 8.37% (2.63% <= 5% Type V!) |
| Lime Saturation Factor LSF (%) | (CaO / (2.8*SiO2 + 1.2*Al2O3 + 0.65*Fe2O3))*100 | 95.55% (93.45% Type V marine) |
ASTM C150 Bogue Phase Matrix & Lime Saturation Factor Formula
Validate oxide ranges (CaO in [55, 72]%, SiO2 in [16, 28]%, Al2O3 > 0, Fe2O3 > 0, SO3 >= 0) and enforce ASTM C150 standard Bogue applicability Al2O3 / Fe2O3 >= 0.64!
=LET(ca_o, B2, si_o, B3, al_o, B4, fe_o, B5, so_x, B6, IF(OR(ca_o < 55, ca_o > 72, si_o < 16, si_o > 28, al_o <= 0, fe_o <= 0, so_x < 0, (al_o / fe_o) < 0.64), "Invalid Bogue Oxide Assay", ROUND((ca_o / (2.8 * si_o + 1.2 * al_o + 0.65 * fe_o)) * 100, 2)))ASTM Type V Sulfate-Resisting Marine Clinker Reformulation Check (Set CaO=64.5, SiO2=22.0, Al2O3=3.8, Fe2O3=4.4)
Adjust raw-meal iron ore and clay for seawall sulfate resistance (B2 = 64.5, B3 = 22.0, B4 = 3.8, B5 = 4.4 -> Alumina Modulus = 0.864 >= 0.64): C_3A E4 plunges from 8.37% down to 2.63% (well under the 5.0% ASTM Type V cap!) while preserving 61.85% C_3S (E2), 16.42% C_2S (E3), and 93.45% LSF (E5)!
=IF(ISTEXT(E5), E5, ROUND(2.65 * B4 - 1.692 * B5, 2))Try the example
Use the original values or change them to test your understanding.